Power and Energy
What is power?
Power is the rate of using or supplying energy:Power = | Energy | Power is measured in watts (W) Energy is measured in joules (J) Time is measured in seconds (s) | |
Time |
The typical power used in mains electrical circuits is much larger, so this power may be measured in kilowatts (kW), 1kW = 1000W. For example a typical mains lamp uses 60W and a kettle uses about 3kW.
Calculating power using current and voltage
There are three ways of writing an equation for power, current and voltage:Power = Current × Voltage so P = I × V | or |
| or |
|
where: | P = power in watts (W) V = voltage in volts (V) I = current in amps (A) |
or: | P = power in milliwatts (mW) V = voltage in volts (V) I = current in milliamps (mA) |
P I V |
Calculating power using resistance and current or voltage
Using Ohm's Law V = I × R we can convert P = I × V to:P I² R | V² P R | |
PI²R triangle | V²PR triangle |
P = I² × R or P = V² / R |
where: | P = power in watts (W)
I = current in amps (A) R = resistance in ohms () V = voltage in volts (V) |
Wasted power and overheating
Normally electric power is useful, making a lamp light or a motor turn for example. However, electrical energy is converted to heat whenever a current flows through a resistance and this can be a problem if it makes a device or wire overheat. In electronics the effect is usually negligible, but if the resistance is low (a wire or low value resistor for example) the current can be sufficiently large to cause a problem. You can see from the equation P = I² × R that for a given resistance the power depends on the current squared, so doubling the current will give 4 times the power.Resistors are rated by the maximum power they can have developed in them without damage, but power ratings are rarely quoted in parts lists because the standard ratings of 0.25W or 0.5W are suitable for most circuits. Further information is available on the Resistors page.
Wires and cables are rated by the maximum current they can pass without overheating. They have a very low resistance so the maximum current is relatively large.
Energy
The amount of energy used (or supplied) depends on the power and the time for which it is used:Energy = Power × Time |
- A 60W lamp switched on for 8 hours uses 60W × 8 × 3600s = 1728kJ.
- A 3kW kettle switched on for 5 minutes uses 3000W × 5 × 60s = 900kJ.
For example:
- A 60W lamp switched on for 8 hours uses 0.06kW × 8 = 0.48kWh.
- A 3kW kettle switched on for 5 minutes uses 3kW × 5/60 = 0.25kWh.
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