Resistor Combinations
Resistor Combinations
So any complicated resistive circuit consisting of several resistors can be reduced to a simple single circuit with only one equivalent resistor by replacing all the resistors connected together in series or in parallel using the steps above. It is sometimes easier with complex resistor combinations and resistive networks to sketch or redraw the new circuit after these changes have been made, as this helps as a visual aid to the maths. Then continue to replace any series or parallel combinations until one equivalent resistance, REQ is found. Lets try another more complex resistor combination circuit.
Then the complex combinational resistive network above can be replaced with one single equivalent resistance ( REQ ) of value 10Ω.
| Resistors in Combinations
So any complicated resistive circuit consisting of several resistors can be reduced to a simple single circuit with only one equivalent resistor by replacing all the resistors connected together in series or in parallel using the steps above. It is sometimes easier with complex resistor combinations and resistive networks to sketch or redraw the new circuit after these changes have been made, as this helps as a visual aid to the maths. Then continue to replace any series or parallel combinations until one equivalent resistance, REQ is found. Lets try another more complex resistor combination circuit.
Then the complex combinational resistive network above can be replaced with one single equivalent resistance ( REQ ) of value 10Ω.
In the previous two tutorials we have learnt how to connect individual resistors together to form either
a Series Resistor Network or a
Parallel Resistor Network and we used Ohms Law
to find the currents and voltages flowing in each resistor combination. But what if we want to connect resistors together in
"BOTH" parallel and series combinations within the same circuit to produce more complex circuits that use resistor combinations,
how do we calculate the combined circuit resistance, currents and voltages for this.
Resistor circuits that combine series and parallel resistors networks together are generally known as
Resistor Combination or mixed resistor circuits. The method of calculating the circuits equivalent resistance
is the same as that for any individual series or parallel circuit and hopefully we now know that resistors in series carry
exactly the same current and that resistors in parallel have exactly the same voltage across them.
For example, Calculate the total current ( IT ) taken from the 12v supply.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3uK7iHhpOiKXfkyqCs8eczD7WFjXmWJhyphenhyphenPuiulU1j2U5bLTMV33s4IeWNQbO1Tz2XNr6IxzVuhlT91-TTnY8KXbKxaLyFFVHdJx1ZBilh4nnrzaLs6Bi8wyIHUkgipaZKdGCaJfRoIxj/s320/01.gif)
At first glance this may seem a difficult task, but if we look a little closer we can see that
the two resistors, R2 and R3 are
both connected together in a "SERIES" combination so we can add them together. The resultant resistance for this combination
would therefore be,
R2 + R3 = 8 Ω + 4 Ω = 12 Ω
So now we can replace both the resistors R2 and
R3 with a single resistor of resistance value 12 Ω
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmvPW24Zzh1nByu6Dq0ClDh2JSNj3myXMI_AslUJ4XpR8zr71YDB-F8gwfkMWMKEHuut8zcEmC5nqhe4G1tlyJ0UgtBNh1ffzBbsebtD1esY7SPr-tXoE80Eyu0VmxVJz9sjpa5a-0y-u-/s320/res26.gif)
Now we have single resistor RA in "PARALLEL" with the resistor
R4, (resistors in parallel) and again we can reduce this combination to a single resistor
value of R(combination) using the formula for two parallel connected resistors as follows.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitXCwfrS2evdmbENC4zTRo-Tq4J7vKBOEaMZtgdRabAG38-A6UNRXjSPz1wAlgaRcfNIePXcHmd0vTFuk6yaZcgnYhUcpnA2nNEAYd19V6nj4DUVSSxaPJ4IWf2T3WyLD7uNtaBP13Z4T8/s320/res28.gif)
The resultant circuit now looks something like this:
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXxMbZDDtUVwZX1eTJPqrYQMpKkKHL_M1vzpe-tbAiNkCF2_2xCwal10YA85lu7G6or883E2MQ3v55CK_tv3g-zZMnuEkgy63xtvNyGLVm4t8XKF-VuHIxEOWCYJ9dPm4Zk1UrDZ-pKxHb/s1600/res27.gif)
The two remaining resistances, R1 and R(comb)
are connected together in a "SERIES" combination and again they can be
added together so the total circuit resistance between points
A and B is therefore given as:
R( A - B ) = Rcomb + R1
= 6 Ω + 6 Ω = 12 Ω.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xiY1h4Z5v1IIiXoHoztMtnF2sih_mtXqZv8uwV-PARU0Rq4sFHF1RSKQS3ad5NCpQ6Bl7od6LkhVvRo8WqP1lcDv7RqDzP3A9LAwj5Qs1PfCoVq2smSy5mjfukGKrsGHoZ2u_uZJEuuf/s1600/res53.gif)
and a single resistance of just 12 Ω can be used to replace the original 4
resistor combinations circuit above.
Now by using Ohm´s Law,
the value of the circuit current ( I ) is simply calculated as:
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAy5fXloDGAoZP0ZA1IMlAD8YxlPG22VSkSLl_4gGkq-b7cMNxGBpZFhlzrHWIrScmwZrWnC-IYKzgTyB04GYr3p_sM1hVYlneKfuX7LZCjkAooqbKt2yYReeIw_7qxgSsJkb-eafR1ZhO/s320/res29.gif)
So any complicated resistive circuit consisting of several resistors can be reduced to a simple single circuit with only one equivalent resistor by replacing all the resistors connected together in series or in parallel using the steps above. It is sometimes easier with complex resistor combinations and resistive networks to sketch or redraw the new circuit after these changes have been made, as this helps as a visual aid to the maths. Then continue to replace any series or parallel combinations until one equivalent resistance, REQ is found. Lets try another more complex resistor combination circuit.
Example No2
Find the equivalent resistance, REQ for the following resistor combination circuit.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvMqjq2kFEsuzUi59OLXStxSU-TeIAGMxxX37vREXII1_Sei4PcsXs9z-hnuHb_3usx98Tk_EKAucvNrzFYGPECJMTmPHaTG-6WHqUKLVsALPcn8b6oUcIS_Z_NrqOqYKxbsRQ0X0O28mt/s320/res54.gif)
Again, at first glance this resistor ladder network may seem complicated but as before it is a combination
of series and parallel resistors connected together. Starting from the right hand side and using the simplified equation for
two parallel resistors, we can find the equivalent resistance of the R8 to
R10 combination and call it RA.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGNuCuIVz3T8bY_Vm-C15iHuha3CpHovFfYDAvMwmERc_eW75GhrtwQcusPZyjcEoTuCXrmrePtlYmuMfC_rO5zttqp2IyctpTXOKIWwwExPRZv-ToXgBKnjtD45UIVTfv_9ZqImWswYwI/s320/res55.gif)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpeZLmR_116ICqZe0ir0jiGXUjE7xxoEV0W5wvBFwV6DcbU8capLWFg3E_4YG-MiYSQLonSEYikZFbRHNcbvIZDyCfvSPdfkkAmdS-dY9FH08xebTxGW1yR_NLhSHp-zwyu9JAL87jIG-2/s320/res56.gif)
RA is in series with R7 therefore the
total resistance will be RA + R7 = 4 + 8 = 12Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJLLvjK8QmE_n0LNVK3XOBBPj8gGq6H24eruQrEvZnG-Y7P06QpMmcJpCFgku7E7FOqvjMNxlLMXNOsyGDBkd_J-wY0frxaqFpaB1gH18S4EXhTYtuHXRPpyn9wSOF54gXUf8-wyQ3ncL/s320/res57.gif)
This resistive value of 12Ω is now in parallel with
R6 and can be calculated as RB.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVHZK4cY_Yw5hc2qMLYNLrEJ4V93SgCKhnixFFwLD3KvsGivbBUnMKDHRQvivcPymB3vn2oEf4gOcrU198cAltcQUX-d47TdXYTi4zMtt7GWVU_wqiCMerNUxn1tD6v8ylOtmhO0fyeEuX/s320/res58.gif)
RB is in series with R5 therefore the
total resistance will be RB + R5 = 4 + 4 = 8Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpNV33WDuGBVWN6O1-w56vhnTJPnPUvUVw4bVSnUnE3cdFYJmlU5dTX32RhL0v4wUHKZNmJ9dln6Zm6spOZK4lIy89kGT2OiD95hnFK6yvTGqWvySku73F-Y2d96K3n26B7S7a6K5-dNLg/s320/res59.gif)
This resistive value of 8Ω is now in parallel with
R4 and can be calculated as RC as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9_4tDbVhmFCYnmaeeI9bvl-_vZP0SeQM5E_i9ErkYAykeA_O87PaUh9qH-LHPRG8WBzU0InP6ppNlPmYsJ3YFGVTwMGHgr8hxyBfC5vv1FyJBFxqyCaXNMaDdeWII5tzHPkoHoY81TV1d/s320/res60.gif)
RC is in series with R3 therefore the
total resistance will be RC + R3 = 8Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjWbzahXm-dT708ckfmpf5euvSRh8oELgoz6zetzoE02ndshIT5TdD6FqcQEs_QsrZwc3bgMzBYyMaPnbLjXWTdXh0_GWMFXLTt8ygRd0vexKNh3rePrTsdorBzkHEf49HKOKZK1hKVsFF/s320/res61.gif)
This resistive value of 8Ω is now in parallel with
R2 from which we can calculated RD as.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2Pc-25H9v8Ti00oHPd0GRCez61Y_xFNEUZ9BKnye8vhB2IYs8MH3KW-VD9R2-OZ8wAXBUORnIPvoH4_gRXLNA4KDjnORjfXF9gkRGWScH-KRmTmJDibfi1PzS0mDW9PheZ4zD2JIlZGM/s320/res62.gif)
RD is in series with R1 therefore the
total resistance will be RD + R1 = 4 + 6 = 10Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRFpXOkTMiGs6MrO05KxYKZPIbEiVRusdTzpHd4-X3ryVHLJavL96325RvG2jF537-DtMnqxDGIkvfyGnhKA3ZVa-X0Vft4CRcQjCuFHAf_5Z6AmQU7kh4XybFohZ5DcCdYX-wZuZw_LE/s320/res63.gif)
Then the complex combinational resistive network above can be replaced with one single equivalent resistance ( REQ ) of value 10Ω.
When solving any combinational resistor circuit, the first step we need to take is to identify
the simple series and parallel resistor branches and replace them with equivalent resistors. This step will allow us to
reduce the complexity of the circuit and help us transform a complex combinational resistive circuit into a single equivalent
resistance.
However, calculations of complex
T-pad Attenuator and resistive
bridge networks which cannot be reduced to a simple parallel or series circuit using equivalent resistances. These more complex
circuits need to be solved using
Kirchoff's Current Law, and
Kirchoff's Voltage Law which will be
dealt with in another tutorial.
In the next tutorial about Resistors, we will look at the electrical potential
difference (voltage) across two points including a resistor.
Resistor Combinations
In the previous two tutorials we have learnt how to connect individual resistors together to form either
a Series Resistor Network or a
Parallel Resistor Network and we used Ohms Law
to find the currents and voltages flowing in each resistor combination. But what if we want to connect resistors together in
"BOTH" parallel and series combinations within the same circuit to produce more complex circuits that use resistor combinations,
how do we calculate the combined circuit resistance, currents and voltages for this.
Resistor circuits that combine series and parallel resistors networks together are generally known as
Resistor Combination or mixed resistor circuits. The method of calculating the circuits equivalent resistance
is the same as that for any individual series or parallel circuit and hopefully we now know that resistors in series carry
exactly the same current and that resistors in parallel have exactly the same voltage across them.
For example, Calculate the total current ( IT ) taken from the 12v supply.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3uK7iHhpOiKXfkyqCs8eczD7WFjXmWJhyphenhyphenPuiulU1j2U5bLTMV33s4IeWNQbO1Tz2XNr6IxzVuhlT91-TTnY8KXbKxaLyFFVHdJx1ZBilh4nnrzaLs6Bi8wyIHUkgipaZKdGCaJfRoIxj/s320/01.gif)
At first glance this may seem a difficult task, but if we look a little closer we can see that
the two resistors, R2 and R3 are
both connected together in a "SERIES" combination so we can add them together. The resultant resistance for this combination
would therefore be,
R2 + R3 = 8 Ω + 4 Ω = 12 Ω
So now we can replace both the resistors R2 and
R3 with a single resistor of resistance value 12 Ω
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmvPW24Zzh1nByu6Dq0ClDh2JSNj3myXMI_AslUJ4XpR8zr71YDB-F8gwfkMWMKEHuut8zcEmC5nqhe4G1tlyJ0UgtBNh1ffzBbsebtD1esY7SPr-tXoE80Eyu0VmxVJz9sjpa5a-0y-u-/s320/res26.gif)
Now we have single resistor RA in "PARALLEL" with the resistor
R4, (resistors in parallel) and again we can reduce this combination to a single resistor
value of R(combination) using the formula for two parallel connected resistors as follows.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitXCwfrS2evdmbENC4zTRo-Tq4J7vKBOEaMZtgdRabAG38-A6UNRXjSPz1wAlgaRcfNIePXcHmd0vTFuk6yaZcgnYhUcpnA2nNEAYd19V6nj4DUVSSxaPJ4IWf2T3WyLD7uNtaBP13Z4T8/s320/res28.gif)
The resultant circuit now looks something like this:
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXxMbZDDtUVwZX1eTJPqrYQMpKkKHL_M1vzpe-tbAiNkCF2_2xCwal10YA85lu7G6or883E2MQ3v55CK_tv3g-zZMnuEkgy63xtvNyGLVm4t8XKF-VuHIxEOWCYJ9dPm4Zk1UrDZ-pKxHb/s1600/res27.gif)
The two remaining resistances, R1 and R(comb)
are connected together in a "SERIES" combination and again they can be
added together so the total circuit resistance between points
A and B is therefore given as:
R( A - B ) = Rcomb + R1
= 6 Ω + 6 Ω = 12 Ω.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_xiY1h4Z5v1IIiXoHoztMtnF2sih_mtXqZv8uwV-PARU0Rq4sFHF1RSKQS3ad5NCpQ6Bl7od6LkhVvRo8WqP1lcDv7RqDzP3A9LAwj5Qs1PfCoVq2smSy5mjfukGKrsGHoZ2u_uZJEuuf/s1600/res53.gif)
and a single resistance of just 12 Ω can be used to replace the original 4
resistor combinations circuit above.
Now by using Ohm´s Law,
the value of the circuit current ( I ) is simply calculated as:
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAy5fXloDGAoZP0ZA1IMlAD8YxlPG22VSkSLl_4gGkq-b7cMNxGBpZFhlzrHWIrScmwZrWnC-IYKzgTyB04GYr3p_sM1hVYlneKfuX7LZCjkAooqbKt2yYReeIw_7qxgSsJkb-eafR1ZhO/s320/res29.gif)
So any complicated resistive circuit consisting of several resistors can be reduced to a simple single circuit with only one equivalent resistor by replacing all the resistors connected together in series or in parallel using the steps above. It is sometimes easier with complex resistor combinations and resistive networks to sketch or redraw the new circuit after these changes have been made, as this helps as a visual aid to the maths. Then continue to replace any series or parallel combinations until one equivalent resistance, REQ is found. Lets try another more complex resistor combination circuit.
Example No2
Find the equivalent resistance, REQ for the following resistor combination circuit.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvMqjq2kFEsuzUi59OLXStxSU-TeIAGMxxX37vREXII1_Sei4PcsXs9z-hnuHb_3usx98Tk_EKAucvNrzFYGPECJMTmPHaTG-6WHqUKLVsALPcn8b6oUcIS_Z_NrqOqYKxbsRQ0X0O28mt/s320/res54.gif)
Again, at first glance this resistor ladder network may seem complicated but as before it is a combination
of series and parallel resistors connected together. Starting from the right hand side and using the simplified equation for
two parallel resistors, we can find the equivalent resistance of the R8 to
R10 combination and call it RA.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGNuCuIVz3T8bY_Vm-C15iHuha3CpHovFfYDAvMwmERc_eW75GhrtwQcusPZyjcEoTuCXrmrePtlYmuMfC_rO5zttqp2IyctpTXOKIWwwExPRZv-ToXgBKnjtD45UIVTfv_9ZqImWswYwI/s320/res55.gif)
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpeZLmR_116ICqZe0ir0jiGXUjE7xxoEV0W5wvBFwV6DcbU8capLWFg3E_4YG-MiYSQLonSEYikZFbRHNcbvIZDyCfvSPdfkkAmdS-dY9FH08xebTxGW1yR_NLhSHp-zwyu9JAL87jIG-2/s320/res56.gif)
RA is in series with R7 therefore the
total resistance will be RA + R7 = 4 + 8 = 12Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJLLvjK8QmE_n0LNVK3XOBBPj8gGq6H24eruQrEvZnG-Y7P06QpMmcJpCFgku7E7FOqvjMNxlLMXNOsyGDBkd_J-wY0frxaqFpaB1gH18S4EXhTYtuHXRPpyn9wSOF54gXUf8-wyQ3ncL/s320/res57.gif)
This resistive value of 12Ω is now in parallel with
R6 and can be calculated as RB.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVHZK4cY_Yw5hc2qMLYNLrEJ4V93SgCKhnixFFwLD3KvsGivbBUnMKDHRQvivcPymB3vn2oEf4gOcrU198cAltcQUX-d47TdXYTi4zMtt7GWVU_wqiCMerNUxn1tD6v8ylOtmhO0fyeEuX/s320/res58.gif)
RB is in series with R5 therefore the
total resistance will be RB + R5 = 4 + 4 = 8Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpNV33WDuGBVWN6O1-w56vhnTJPnPUvUVw4bVSnUnE3cdFYJmlU5dTX32RhL0v4wUHKZNmJ9dln6Zm6spOZK4lIy89kGT2OiD95hnFK6yvTGqWvySku73F-Y2d96K3n26B7S7a6K5-dNLg/s320/res59.gif)
This resistive value of 8Ω is now in parallel with
R4 and can be calculated as RC as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9_4tDbVhmFCYnmaeeI9bvl-_vZP0SeQM5E_i9ErkYAykeA_O87PaUh9qH-LHPRG8WBzU0InP6ppNlPmYsJ3YFGVTwMGHgr8hxyBfC5vv1FyJBFxqyCaXNMaDdeWII5tzHPkoHoY81TV1d/s320/res60.gif)
RC is in series with R3 therefore the
total resistance will be RC + R3 = 8Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjWbzahXm-dT708ckfmpf5euvSRh8oELgoz6zetzoE02ndshIT5TdD6FqcQEs_QsrZwc3bgMzBYyMaPnbLjXWTdXh0_GWMFXLTt8ygRd0vexKNh3rePrTsdorBzkHEf49HKOKZK1hKVsFF/s320/res61.gif)
This resistive value of 8Ω is now in parallel with
R2 from which we can calculated RD as.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjp2Pc-25H9v8Ti00oHPd0GRCez61Y_xFNEUZ9BKnye8vhB2IYs8MH3KW-VD9R2-OZ8wAXBUORnIPvoH4_gRXLNA4KDjnORjfXF9gkRGWScH-KRmTmJDibfi1PzS0mDW9PheZ4zD2JIlZGM/s320/res62.gif)
RD is in series with R1 therefore the
total resistance will be RD + R1 = 4 + 6 = 10Ω as shown.
![](https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRFpXOkTMiGs6MrO05KxYKZPIbEiVRusdTzpHd4-X3ryVHLJavL96325RvG2jF537-DtMnqxDGIkvfyGnhKA3ZVa-X0Vft4CRcQjCuFHAf_5Z6AmQU7kh4XybFohZ5DcCdYX-wZuZw_LE/s320/res63.gif)
Then the complex combinational resistive network above can be replaced with one single equivalent resistance ( REQ ) of value 10Ω.
When solving any combinational resistor circuit, the first step we need to take is to identify
the simple series and parallel resistor branches and replace them with equivalent resistors. This step will allow us to
reduce the complexity of the circuit and help us transform a complex combinational resistive circuit into a single equivalent
resistance.
However, calculations of complex
T-pad Attenuator and resistive
bridge networks which cannot be reduced to a simple parallel or series circuit using equivalent resistances. These more complex
circuits need to be solved using
Kirchoff's Current Law, and
Kirchoff's Voltage Law which will be
dealt with in another tutorial.
In the next tutorial about Resistors, we will look at the electrical potential
difference (voltage) across two points including a resistor.
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